In an article previously posted to this website entitled ‘Kittel Principle in HMRC Cases’ we explained in detail the following: The European Court of Justice Cases, of Axel Kittel v Belgian State and Belgian State v Recolta Recycling SPRL (C-439/04 and C440/04) (Kittel Case) stated that where a taxpayer knew or should have known that they were participating […]

The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (‘the Act’) covers nearly all forms of contract and, inter alia, renders terms seeking to exclude or limit liability ineffective or subject to reasonableness, depending on the nature of the obligation which is sought to be excluded. The Act extends to both actual contract terms and Notices constituting a contractual obligation. […]

A fundamental principle of contract law is ‘privity of contract’ which states that only the parties named within the contract or agreement (‘a contract’) can seek to enforce its terms. This principle was established by the case of Tweddle v Atkinson [1861] EWHC QB J57. A ‘third party’ to a contract is anyone who is not […]

The Online Safety Bill (‘the Bill’) formally entitled: ‘A Bill to make provision for and in connection with the regulation by OFCOM of certain internet services; for and in connection with communications offences; and for connected purposes’ has now successfully passed through the House of Lords and proposed amendments are now being considered prior to […]

A zombie knife, also known as a zombie killer knife or zombie slayer knife is an ornate knife or bladed weapon which normally has a cutting edge, a serrated edge and depicts images or words on either the blade or handle indicating that it is to be used for violent use. As the result of their increasing use in criminal activity, […]

The Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022, (‘the Regulations’) which came into force on 23 January 2023, introduce new duties under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 for building owners or managers (‘responsible persons’). The Regulations have been introduced as an important step towards implementing the recommendations of the Grenfell Tower Enquiry and whilst they […]